Test 04-Passage 1:Land of the Rising Sun 纠错
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AJapan has a significantly better record in terms of average mathematical attainment than England and Wales. Large sample international comparisons of pupils’ attainment since the 1960s have establish that not only did Japanese pupils at age 13 have better scores of average attainment, but there are also a larger portion of ‘low’ attainers in England, where, incidentally, the variation in attainment scores was much greater. The percentage of Gross National Product spent on education is reasonably similar in the two countries, so how is this higher and more consistent attainment in maths achieved?

A 就数学的平均成绩而言,日本的纪录要比英格兰和威尔士好得多。20世纪60年代以来,就学生数学成绩所做的大量国际样本比较研究证实,13岁的日本学生平均分数更高,同时也证实了英国表现“不佳”的学生比例更大,而且,顺便说一句,英国学生分数的变化也比日本学生大得多。两个国家在教育上的国民生产总值比例十分相近,那日本是如何实现这一更高、更稳定的数学成绩的呢?

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BLower secondary schools in Japan cover three school years, from the seventh grade (age 13) to ninth grade (age 15). Virtually all the pupils at this stage attend state schools: only 3 percent are in private sectors. Schools are usually modern in design, set well back from the road and spacious inside. Classrooms are large and pupils sit at single desks in rows. Lessons last standardised 50 minutes and are always followed by 10-minute break, which gives the pupils a chance to let off the stream. Teachers begin with formal address and mutual bowing, and then concentrate on whole-class teaching.

B 日本的初中教育为时三年,从7年级(13岁)到9年级(15岁)。几乎所有这个阶段的学生都选择国立学校:只有3%在私立机构就读。学校通常都设计得很现代化,远离马路,占地面积也很大。教室空间很大,学生使用的是成排的独立课桌。每堂课的持续时间是标准化的50分钟,然后是10分钟的休息时间。可以让学生们放松一下。教师上课以正式的问候和互相鞠躬开始,之后注意力就集中在整堂课的教学上了。

Classes are large – usually about 40 – and are unstreamed. Pupils stay in the same class for all lessons throughout the school and develop considerable class identity and loyalty. Pupils attend the school in their own neighborhood, which in theory removes ranking by school. In practice in Tokyo, because of the relative concentration of schools, there is some ‘competition’ to get into the ‘better’ school in particular area.

上课的班级较大——通常约40人——且不根据智力水平分班。学生在校期间的所有课程都在同一个班级,因此他们有相当强烈的班级认同感和忠诚意识。学生在自己的社区上学,从理论上排除了学校排名。实际上在东京,因为学校相对比较集中,在某些特定区域会存在一些进入“更好的”学校的竞争。

2
CTraditional ways of teaching form the basis of the lesson and remarkable quite class take their own notes of the points made and the examples demonstrated. Everyone has their own copy of the textbook supplied by the central education authority, Monbusho, as part of the concept of the free compulsory education up to age of 15. Those textbooks are, on the whole, small, presumably inexpensive to produce, but well set out and logically developed.(One teacher was particularly keen to introduce colour and pictures into maths textbooks: he felt this would make them more accessible to pupils brought up in cartoon culture.) Besides approving textbooks, Monbusho also decides the highly centralised national curriculum and how it is to be delivered.

C 传统的教学方式是课堂的基础,学生们安安静静地对老师指出的重点和给出的示例做笔记。每个学生都有自己的课本,由中央教育机构文部省(Monbusho)提供,这也是15岁以下的公民享有免费义务教育理念的一部分。总体来说,这些课本体积较小,制作成本可能比较低,但排版精美,结构合理。(有一位老师特别热衷于在数学课本中引入色彩和插图:他觉得这样的课本更容易被在卡通文化背景下长大的学生所接受。)除了批准使用课本,文部省还负责制定高度集中化的全国统一课程及其执行方式。

3
DLessons all follow the same pattern. At the beginning, the pupils put solutions to the homework on the board, then the teachers comment, correct or elaborate as necessary. Pupils mark their own homework: this is an important principle in Japanese schooling as it enables pupils to see where and why they made a mistake, so that can be avoided in the future. No one minds mistakes or ignorance as long as you are prepared to learn from them.

D 所有的课堂都遵循相同的模式。一上课,学生先把家庭作业的答案写在黑板上,然后由老师讲评、纠正,必要时进行详细解释。学生自己批改作业:这在日本的学校教育中是一条重要原则,因为这样做可以让学生认识到自已在哪里犯了错误,为什么会犯错误,从而避免今后再犯同样的错误。没有人在意你的错误或者无知,只要你能从中有所收获。

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EAfter the homework has been discussed, the teacher explains the topic of the lesson, slowly and with a lot of repetition and elaboration. Examples are demonstrated on the board; questions from the textbooks are worked though first with the class, and then the class is set questions from the textbooks to do individually. Only rarely are supplementary worksheets distributed in a maths class. The impression is that the logical nature of the textbooks and their comprehensive coverage of different types of examples, combined with the relative homogeneity of the class, renders work sheet unnecessary. At this point, the teacher would circulate and make sure that all the pupils were coping well.

E 讨论完家庭作业之后,教师就开始讲解本堂课的主题,速度很慢,有很多重复和详细解释。所有例子都在黑板上演示;课本上的一些问题先在课堂上由大家一起完成,另外一些问题随后再单独布置给每个学生。数学课上,老师只在极少数悄况下才会发一些额外的练习册。给人的印象是,课本的逻辑性,其中对各种例子的全面涵盖,再加上学生水平整齐划一,使得练习册无用武之地。布置完作业,教师就会在教室里转一转,以确保所有学生都没有进一步的问题。

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FIt is remarkable that large, mixed-ability classes could be kept together for maths throughout all their compulsory schooling form 6 to15. Teachers say they give individual help at the end of a lesson or after school, setting extra work if necessary. In observed lessons, any strugglers would be assited by the teacher or quietly seek help from their neighbour. Carefully fostered class identity makes pupils keen to help each other – anyway, it is in their interest since the class progress together.

F 值得注意的是,在从6岁到15岁的整个义务教育期间,学生可能都是在能力不一的大班里一起学习数学。教师们说他们会在课堂结束时或者放学后给学生个别辅导,必要的话还会额外再留作业。在被观摩的课堂上,任何有困难的学生都能得到老师的帮助,或者他们会悄悄请同桌帮助。精心培养出的班级认同感让学生热衷于互相帮助——无论如何,班级的共同进步与他们休戚相关。

This scarcely seems adequate help to enable slow learners to keep up. However, the Japanese attitude towards education runs along the lines ‘if you work hard enough, you can do almost anything’. Parents are kept closely informed of their children’s progress and will play a part in helping their children to keep up with class, sending them to ‘Juku’ (private evening tuition) if extra help is needed and encourage them to work harder. It seems to work, at least for 95 percent of the school population.

这样的帮助似乎并不能让后进的学生跟上班级进度。但是,日本人对待教育的态度所遵循的原则是“只要你足够努力,你就几乎无所不能”。父母能够及时了解到孩子的进步,在帮助孩子跟上班级进度方面起了不少作用,必要时他们会把孩子送到“聚酷(私立夜校补习班)”,并鼓励他们刻苦学习。这种做法好像至少对95%的在校生都能起到作用。

GSo what the major contributing factors in the success of maths teaching? Clearly, attitudes are important. Education is valued greatly in Japanese culture; maths is recognised as an important compulsory subject throughout schooling; and the emphasis is on hard work coupled with a focus on accuracy.

G 那么什么是日本数学教学成功的主要因素呢?显然,态度是很重要的。在日本文化中,教育极受重视;数学被视作整个学校教育过程中一门重要的必修科目;刻苦努力和精益求精是重中之重。

Other relevant points relate to the supportive attitude of a class toward slower pupils, the lack of competition within a class, and the positive emphasis on learning for oneself and improving one’s own standard. And the view of repetitively boring lessons and learning the facts by heart, which is sometimes quoted in relation to Japanese classes, may be unfair and unjustified. No poor maths lessons were observed. They were mainly good and one or two were inspirational.

其他关乎成功的因素包括班级对后进生的支持态度,班级内没有竞争,积极强调为自己而学习以及提高自身的水平等。“重复乏味的课堂和死记硬背事实性知识”不时被引用来描述日本的课堂,这种观点也许是不公平也不公正的。观摩中并没有看到糟糕的数学课,基本上都不错,且其中一两堂课还让人感到很有启发性。

Reading passage 1 has six sections, A-F.
Choose the correct heading for sections B-F from the list of headings below.
Write the correct number, i-ix, in boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet.

List of heading
  • I. The influence of Monbusho
  • II. Helping less successful students
  • III. The success of compulsory education
  • IV. Research findings concerning achievements in maths
  • V. The typical format of a maths lesson
  • VI. Comparative expenditure on maths education
  • VII. Background to middle-years education in Japan
  • VIII. The key to Japanese successes in maths education
  • IX. The role of homework correction
显示答案
正确答案: 1.VII   2.I   3.V   4.II   5.VIII  

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vii 日本中学 教育的背景Section B 第一 个小段落的首句 Lower secondary schools in Japan cover three school years ...答案 vii Section B 重点介绍了日本中学的 一个基本情况,其主题句就在第一个小段 落的段首,比较容易找到。

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i Monbush 的 影响本段第 2 句话答案 i 本段着重介绍了 Monbusho 并 对其展开说明。本段的第 2 句话引出了 Monbusho 这个概念,后面则重点介绍了 Monbusho 对日本数学教育带来的影响。

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v 数学课的典 型模式Section D 第一 个小段落的首句 Lessons all follow the same pattern.答案 v Section D 介绍了家庭作业以及新 课的授课形式。其中第一个小段落的首句 话为主题句,点明了课程遵循一个相同的 模式,之后则具体阐述了这个模式是如何 运转的。

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ii 帮助不太成 功的学生Teachers say答案 ii Section E 重点说明教师如何帮助 后进学生。其中,第一小段的第 2 句以及 第二小段的首句为主题句,介绍了老师给 予单独辅导使后进学生能够跟上课程。 that they give individual help at the end of a lesson or after school, setting extra work if necessary. This scarcely seems adequate help to enable slow learners to keep up.  

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viii 日本在数 学教育上取得 成功的关键第一小段的首句和 第2句答案 viii Section F 重点说明了如何在数学 教学上取得成功。本段首句和 2 句为主题 句,介绍了态度是决定成功的关键性因素。

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English pupils, Japanese counterparts学习数学的英国 的小孩比日本的 小孩在成绩方面 有更宽的区间。YES 原文重现 A 段的第 2 句话。题 目中说在学习数学的英国小孩比日本 小孩在成绩方面有更宽的区间,文章 中原句的意思是和日本孩子相比,英 国孩子成绩方面的可变性区间更大, greater 和 wider 属于同义替换。

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Gross National product, percentage通常花在教育上 钱 所 占 GNP 的 比率反映了取得 数学成就的水平。NO 根据定位词找到A段最后一句话。 题目说通常花在教育上钱所占 GNP 的 比率反映了取得数学成就的水平,文 章却说在两个国家花在教育上的钱是 相似的,而日本取得了更高的成就, 题目与文章内容矛盾。

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private schools, state-run lower secondary schools日本的私立学校 比公立学校更现 代化、更宽敞。NOT GIVEN 此题考查了对 Section B 的理解,原文中没有涉及题目中所提 到的信息。

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teacher, homework在日本的学校, 老师批改家庭作 业。NO 根据定位词找到 Section D 第一小 段的第 3 行。题目说在在日本的学校 老师批改家庭作业,而文章说孩子们 自己批改作业,题目与文章内容相矛 盾。

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maths textbooks, Japanese schoolsC 段第 3 句话答案 B 题目问日本学校的数学教科书如何。 文 章 中 说 the textbook are...well set out and logically developed, B 选项意思是“合理安排并 且适应学生的需求“,符合文意。

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new maths topicSection D 第 二小段首句答案 C 题目问怎么样介绍一个新课题,文 章 中 说 ...the teacher explains the topic of the lesson, slowly and with a lot of repetition and elaboration,C 选项意思是“十分仔细和耐心 地去给学生解释”,与原文意思相符。

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experience difficultiesSection E 第 一小段第 2 句答案 A 题目问学校如何帮助遇到困难的学 生,对此文章中说 Teachers say that they give individual help at the end of a lesson or after school, setting extra work if necessary,A 选 项 意思是“学生被给予合适的额外的补课”,所以 为正确答案。

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relatively high rates of successSection F 第 一小段末句答案 C 题目问为什么日本学生能在数学上取 得比较高的成绩,文章中说 Education is valued greatly in Japanese culture, maths is recognized as an important compulsory subject throughout schooling, and the emphasis is on hard work coupled with a focus on accuracy, C 选项意思是 “做出更多努力并对正确答案加以强调”,符合 文意。

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